Early American Gardens, Farms & Cultural Landscapes: September 2014

Why Blog & Share Digital Data?

On March 4, 2011, Emile de Bruijn of the National Trust in the UK, wrote on his blog "Treasure Hunt" of making history & art available to all: "Traditionally art history has been inherently elitist and exclusive, both socially and intellectually. Art tended to be commissioned by the upper classes. Connoisseurship was seen as a superior, refined skill and the products of art-historical scholarship were guarded almost as fiercely as the art itself."

On May 29, 1012, William Noel, now Director of Special Collections Center & Director of Schoenberg Institute for Manuscript Studies. University of Pennsylvania, told The TED Blog, "...digital data is not a threat to real data, it’s just an advertisement that only increases the aura of the original, so there just doesn’t seem to be any point in putting restrictions on the data. There is the further fact that the data is funded by taxpayers’ money. So it didn’t seem fair to limit what taxpayers could do with the data that they paid for."

On February 7, 2017, Thomas P. Campbell, Director of The Metropolitan Museum of Art, announced a new policy: all images of public-domain artworks in the Museum's collection are now available for free & unrestricted use. "We have been working toward the goal of sharing our images with the public for a number of years. Our comprehensive & diverse museum collection spans 5,000 years of world culture & our core mission is to be open & accessible for all who wish to study & enjoy the works of art in our care. Increasing access to the Museum’s collection & scholarship serves the interests & needs of our 21C audiences by offering new resources for creativity, knowledge, & ideas."

About this blog --

This blog will focus on gardens in America's colonial Atlantic coast & early republic. I will try to explore what primary sources reveal was actually in these gardens; when various garden components were noted; & what people were doing in these gardens & why.

How people chose to shape & use the land around them is complex. The process becomes symbolic as well as practical, as they integrate their memories, history, legends, & religious beliefs into a personal landscape. That symbolic landscape must also meet immediate sustenance, income, social, political, & religious needs. How a landowner envisions, designs, & maintains his property differs from individual to individual.

While I am interested in most anecdotal descriptions of famous gardens, I am less than impressed when one or two garden accounts get translated into a general description of all gardens during the period.

History, especially garden history, is certainly not a science. Garden history is about a tug of war between man & nature. When man gets to the point that he can produce enough to sustain his family off the land, he begins to convert some of his land into art -- a garden.

History is not the absolute truth. It is constantly changing as new evidence & new interpretations flash into view. As those looking at history peel away the tired, old suppositions, they add new (but soon to grow old) assumptions of their own.

History reflects not just the prejudices of the period under study, but also the biases of those studying it. Since each person who focuses on a particular period of garden history brings a different goal & perspective to the task, historians often interpret the same period of garden history in vastly different ways.

History before 1800 is often skewed; because only the few, the powerful, and the wealthy kept written records of their plans and the events taking place in their gardens. And yet, gardens change & take on different purposes & designs, because of the everyday actions of the nameless many who toil to give them the form & energy to evolve.

My Obsession with Primary Sources

This blog will use as much original evidence as possible to allow the reader to draw conclusions.
Primary sources are documents & artifacts created during the time being studied or shortly after by a participant as a memoir.

Primary sources can give us a sense of the real differences between the past and the present; a context for the way ideas came about at a certain place in time; a realization that there are few neat linear narratives; a recognition of how our concept of the past has been shaped by people who have written about it.

Primary sources are infused with the fleeting spirit of the time in which they were created. First-hand accounts bring a human voice to history, but they surely do not speak for themselves, they must be interpreted.

Primary sources force us to ask what those who created these surviving records must have believed or desired or deemed valuable in order to understand their ideas & actions.

Primary sources urge us to question the historical conclusions of others.

For a study of early America gardens, surviving manuscripts & books, letters, maps, diaries, & journals; ship logs; court, church & land records; & artifacts such as paintings, portraits & archaelogical finds, are the original evidence needed to compile good garden history.

Good garden history results from the examination of countless primary sources to reach a general conclusion about a time period or event. Good garden history is not determining a conclusion in advance & then picking only those sources which support that foregone interpretation.

The "least-best" theory of collecting the least amount of the best evidence to construct a convincing argument about an issue may be expedient in mathematics, but it does not work well in any serious study of garden history. Without gathering a hefty quantity of primary source evidence, how can the garden historian determine which is the best evidence?

Good garden history is not based on one or two anecdotal incidents or descriptions manipulated into a generalized conclusion about the whole.

In this blog we will be looking at snippets of garden history. Exploring anecdotal incidents & individual gardens may be fun; but they are not good history, until they are woven into the whole.

The purpose of sharing art in the context of history on this blog is to promote knowledge of & interest in art. All a blog can do is present images. An image simply cannot replace seeing an art object in person, in context. The 3rd dimension is missing in an image, as is the emotional experience of confronting a work just as its creator did. If you can see a work in person, do. The difference between an image & a painting can take your breath away.