Bartram &- Botany- 1699 Who was John Bartram?

Historian Joel T. Fry tells us in the HALS Report for Bartram's Garden that Bartram’s Garden is the oldest surviving botanic garden in the United States.

John Bartram, the botanist, was the son of William Bartram (1674–1711) & grandson of John Bartram (1650−1697) of Ashborne, Derbyshire, England, a member of the Religious Society of Friends, who immigrated to Pennsylvania along with his wife Elizabeth, three young sons, & a daughter in 1683. They settled on a farm on the west bank of Darby Creek in Chester County Pennsylvania. This grandfather, John Bartram, had been imprisoned in England for his religious
beliefs.

Bartram, the botanist, grew up in the new Quaker community at Darby, just outside of Philadelphia. Young John Bartram was largely raised by his close relatives. His mother, Elizah Hunt Bartram (ca. 1676−1701), died only 2 years after he was born, leaving 2 surviving children, John & his brother James Bartram (1701−ca. 1765).

The father of Bartram, the botanist, William Bartram, remarried in 1707, & acquired 2 tracts of land at Bogue Sound, on the White Oak River in North Carolina. In 1710-1711, he began to settle in North Carolina with his new wife & her infant children, but not John & James who were apparently left behind in Pennsylvania. William Bartram was killed in North Carolina on September 22, 1711 during a Tuscarora Indian uprising on the White Oak River. His second wife & 2 children were taken hostage, although later released.

Botanist John Bartram was married twice, first in 1723 to Mary Maris (d. 1727), who bore him two sons, Richard and Isaac. After her death, he married Ann Mendenhall (1703–1789) in 1729, who gave birth to 5 boys and 4 girls. in 1727.

Botanist John Bartram, founded Bartram’s Garden in the autumn of 1728, when he purchased an improved farm of a little over 100 acres on the lower Schuylkill. Bartram, a third generation Pennsylvania Quaker, from nearby Darby, began the construction of a stone farmhouse soon after the purchase, whose initial manifestation was completed by 1731. Bartram probably first planted a kitchen garden at the site in 1729.

Bartram probably chose this favorable site with the intention of establishing a large garden, & the location remains well suited to the cultivation of plants today. The initial garden was probably laid out at six or seven acres, & expanded to as large as ten acres in succeeding generations. Additional space was set aside for an orchard, greenhouses & framing, & nursery beds, which totaled as much as twelve acres at the peak of the garden in the 1830s. John Bartram’s garden began as a personal garden, but grew to a systematic collection of native & exotic plants as Bartram devoted more time to exploration & discovery. Exchanges of plants & seeds from gardens in North America & abroad also fueled the collection. Although not the first botanic collection in North America, by the middle of the eighteenth century, Bartram’s Garden contained the most varied collection of North American plants in the world.

Around 1733, in an event important to the general history of horticulture & natural science, John Bartram introduced himself via letter to London merchant Peter Collinson (1694–1768), & the two began a lifelong correspondence. Collinson, a member of the Royal Society, & like Bartram a Quaker plus an enthusiastic gardener, became the middleman to a scientific trade in seeds, plants, & natural history specimens.

Plants from Bartram’s Philadelphia garden were exchanged with a range of botanists, gardeners, & nurserymen in London & throughout Europe. Collinson also arranged funding from patrons among the British elite, which allowed Bartram to leave his farm & go plant hunting. During his career John Bartram traveled widely throughout the British colonies in North America—plant collecting began in the Mid-Atlantic colonies of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, & Maryland. In time, Bartram traveled north to New York & New England, & south to Virginia, the Carolinas, Georgia & Florida, exploring a region spanning from Lake Ontario in New York to the St. John’s River in Florida, & from the Atlantic coast to the Ohio valley.

The garden's evolution over time both reflected & fostered Bartram’s vital scientific achievements & important intellectual exchange. Although not the first botanic collection in North America, by the middle of the eighteenth century Bartram’s Garden contained the most varied collection of North American plants in the world, & placed John Bartram at the center of a lucrative business centered on the transatlantic transfer of plants.

After the American Revolution, Bartram’s sons John Bartram, Jr. (1743–1812) & William Bartram (1739–1823), continued the international trade in plants & expanded the family’s botanic garden & nursery business.

Following his father’s lead, William became an important naturalist, artist, & author in his own right, & under his influence the garden became an educational center that aided in training a new generation of natural scientists & explorers. William’s Travels, published in 1791, chronicled his own exploration efforts & remains a milestone in American literature.

After 1812, Ann Bartram Carr (1779−1858), a daughter of John Bartram, Jr., maintained the family garden & business with her husband Colonel Robert Carr (1778−1866) & his son John Bartram Carr (1804−1839). Their commercial activities remained focused on international trade in native North American plants, although domestic demand also grew under their management.

In 1850, financial difficulties led to the historic garden’s sale outside the family to Andrew M. Eastwick (1811–1879), who preserved it as a private park for his estate. Upon Eastwick’s 1879 death, a campaign to preserve the garden was organized by Thomas Meehan (1826–1901), in Philadelphia, with national assistance from Charles S. Sargent of the Arnold Arboretum in Boston, Massachusetts. In 1891, control of the site was turned over to the City of Philadelphia & it remains protected as a city park.

1764 Plants in 18C Colonial American Gardens - Virginian John Randolph (1727-1784) - Honey Suckles

A Treatise on Gardening Written by a native of this State (Virginia)
Author was John Randolph (1727-1784)
Written in Williamsburg, Virginia about 1765
Published by T. Nicolson, Richmond, Virginia. 1793
The only known copy of this booklet is found in the Special Collections of the Wyndham Robertson Library at Hollins University in Roanoke, Virginia.


Honey Suckles

Honey Suckles, Caprifolium, because the Goats eat the tender plants. The red is the Italian, the pale, English; roots or cuttings will produce it. They may be removed in bloom for the sake of a prospect, and replaced when out of bloom..

19C Women & Gardens - American Robert Lewis Reid (1862-1939)

 Robert Lewis Reid (American artist, 1862-1939) Pond Lilies

Robert Lewis Reid (1862-1939), was born in Massachusetts. He attended the School of the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston; in 1884 he moved to New York to study at the Art Students League, and a year later he sailed for Paris to study at the Julian Academy, returning to New York in 1889.

 Robert Lewis Reid (American artist, 1862-1939) The Yellow Flower, The Artist's Wife in the Garden

 Robert Lewis Reid (American artist, 1862-1939) A Summer Girl

 Robert Lewis Reid (American artist, 1862-1939) Day Lilies

 Robert Lewis Reid (American artist, 1862-1939) Fleur de Lis, 1895–1900

 Robert Lewis Reid (American artist, 1862-1939) Girl with Flowers

 Robert Lewis Reid (American artist, 1862-1939) In the Flower Garden

 Robert Lewis Reid (American artist, 1862-1939) Lady with Parasol

 Robert Lewis Reid (American artist, 1862-1939) Payton Serenity

 Robert Lewis Reid (American artist, 1862-1939) Reverie

 Robert Lewis Reid (American artist, 1862-1939) Spring Bouquet

 Robert Lewis Reid (American artist, 1862-1939) Spring

 Robert Lewis Reid (American artist, 1862-1939) Tending the Garden

 Robert Lewis Reid (American artist, 1862-1939) The Pink Cape

 Robert Lewis Reid (American artist, 1862-1939) The White Parasol

 Robert Lewis Reid (American artist, 1862-1939) Girls Reading

 Robert Lewis Reid (American artist, 1862-1939) Woman on a Porch with Flowers

 Robert Lewis Reid (American artist, 1862-1939) Young Woman in Pink

 Robert Lewis Reid (American painter, 1862-1929)

 Robert Lewis Reid (American painter, 1862-1929) Against the Sky

 Robert Lewis Reid (American painter, 1862-1929) Boy with Red Peonies

 Robert Lewis Reid (American painter, 1862-1929) Breezy Day

 Robert Lewis Reid (American painter, 1862-1929) Spring

 Robert Lewis Reid (American painter, 1862-1929) The Garden Seat

Robert Lewis Reid (American painter, 1862-1929) The Trio

And finally, just one man...

 Robert Lewis Reid (American painter, 1862-1929) The Old Gardener

19C Women & Gardens & Parasols - American Frederick Carl Frieseke 1874-1939

Frederick Frieseke (American artist, 1874-1939)  Woman with Garden Parasol at The Hour of Tea

Frederick Carl Frieseke (1874–1939) was an American Impressionist decorative painter. He was born in Owosso, Michigan & studied at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago & the Académie Julian in Paris. Frieseke & his family resided for 14 years in Giverny, home to Monet. Frieseke was attracted to women, gardens, parasols, & bright sunlight.

Frederick Frieseke (American artist, 1874-1939) Woman with a Parasol in the Garden, Giverney

Frederick Frieseke (American artist, 1874-1939)  Woman with Garden Parasol in The Flower Garden 

Frederick Frieseke (American artist, 1874-1939) The Garden Umbrella & Tea

Frederick Frieseke (American artist, 1874-1939) Lady with the Sunshade in a Garden 

Frederick Frieseke (American artist, 1874-1939) Woman Seated in a Garden under a Parasol

Frederick Frieseke (American artist, 1874-1939) Woman with Garden Parasol 

Frederick Frieseke (American artist, 1874-1939) Woman with Garden Parasol in June

Frederick Frieseke (American artist, 1874-1939)  Lady with a Garden Parasol 

Frederick Frieseke (American artist, 1874-1939)  Woman with Garden Parasol & Hollyhocks

Frederick Frieseke (American artist, 1874-1939) Women under The Garden Umbrella

Frederick Frieseke (American artist, 1874-1939)  The Japanese Garden Parasol 

Frederick Frieseke (American artist, 1874-1939)  Foxgloves & Woman with Garden Parasol 

Frederick Frieseke (American artist, 1874-1939) Woman with Garden Parasol 

Frederick Frieseke (American artist, 1874-1939) Woman with Garden Parasol in Sun and Wind 

Frederick Frieseke (American artist, 1874-1939) Woman with Parasol in The Garden
Frederick Frieseke (1874-1939) Woman with a Garden Parasol, c. 1906
Frederick Frieseke (1874-1939) The Pink Garden Parasol 1913

Frederick Frieseke (1874-1939) Woman with a Parasol Promenades in the Garden
Frederick Frieseke (1874-1939) Woman with Parasol on The Garden Path 
Frederick Frieseke (1874-1939) Woman with a Garden Parasol & White Lilies

1764 Plants in 18C Colonial American Gardens - Virginian John Randolph (727-1784) - Melon

A Treatise on Gardening Written by a native of this State (Virginia)
Author was John Randolph (1727-1784)
Written in Williamsburg, Virginia about 1765
Published by T. Nicolson, Richmond, Virginia. 1793
The only known copy of this booklet is found in the Special Collections of the Wyndham Robertson Library at Hollins University in Roanoke, Virginia.

Melon

Melon,from Mala, Apple, because ofitsfragrancy. There are but three sorts of Melons that Miller says are worth cultivating, the Portugal or pocket Melon, which is small and round, the Cantaleupe Melon, and the Zatta Melon; the green fleshed Melon, and the netted wrought Melon, he does not esteem, though I have found them very delicious in this country. There is a rough, knotty Melon, called the Diarbekr, from a province belonging to the Turkish empire in Asia, which is reckoned the most exquisite of all Melons, which have been brought to great perfection here, and which are not taken notice of by Miller, probably because it has been brought into England since the publication of his dictionary, unless it is the Zatta Melon. The Portugal Melon has been called by the name of king Charles' Melon, because he used to carry one in his pocket, and also Dormer's Melon, because brought from Portugal by a general of that name. The Cantaleupe originally came from Armenia, on the confines of Persia, but took its name from Cantaleupe, a province about six miles from Rome, where they produce the best. It is known all over Europe, by the simple name of the Cantaleupe Melon, and agrees with all stomachs and palates. The Zatta Melon is greatly esteemed in Florence, Italy, &c. It is small, deep furrowed, rough and warted, and compressed at the ends. Melons should never grow near one another, if of different sorts, or by any means near Gourds, Cucumbers, &c. because the farina of one will impregnate the other, spoil the relish of the fruit, and make them degenerate. , Melon seed should not be sown before three years old, and though they will grow at ten or twelve years, yet they should not be propagated after six years. The early Melon is of little value; the middle of June is early enough. In order to have a proper succession, the seed should be sown at least at two different seasons, about the middle of February if seasonable weather, if not, the latter end. The second sowing should be in March, and the third in May, which last will yield a crop in August, and last until October. The early sowings should be covered with oil paper, in preference to glasses. The culture of Melons and planting theui out, is the same with cucumbers, to which we refer. The compost used by the Dutch and German gardeners, for Melons, is of hazel loam, one third part, of the scouring of ditches, ponds, &c. the same, and a third part of rotten dung, all mixed together, and mellowed by being frequently turned over, and kept twelve months. But Miller prefers two thirds of fresh gentle loam and one third of rotten neats' dung, kept together a year, and often turned. It will take about fifteen good wheelbarrows of dung to a light. Melons of all sorts, but particularly the Cantaleupe, should be planted out as soon as the third or rough leaf appears. These seeds do well to be sown on the upper side of a Cucumber bed. One plant is enough for a light. Watering is very requisite, but in much smaller quantities than Cucumbers, and the water should be laid on at a distance from the stems. When the plant has four leaves, the top of the plant should be pinched off, in order to force out the lateral branches. It must not be cut or bruised ; that wounds the plant, and takes a considerable time to heal. The roots of Melons extend a great way, and often perish after the fruit is set, for want of room, wherefore Miller advises that your beds be twelve feet, and when your frames are filled with vine, to raise it so as to let the vines run under them. When the lateral branches, or, as the gardeners call them, runners, have two or three joints, their tops should be also pinched off, and when your fruit is set, examine the vine and pull all off, except one to a runner, leaving at most about eight to a vine, and pinch off the end of the runner about three joints from the fruit; notwithstanding these are pinched off, there will new runners appear; these should be also taken away. If the ground is not too wet and moist, the lower the plants are the better, and if you plant in a bed, let your trenches be extended in length about three feet and a half wide, and your plants should not be less than five feet asunder, to prevent their vines intermixing. If there are several beds, they should be eight feet asunder, and the spaces between filled up for the benefit of the roots with rotten dung. They ought to be covered in all hard rains. The frames should not be too heavy. Many use laths in imitation of covered wagons; your fruit should be turned twice a week for the advantage of the sun, and if lodged on a board or piece of tile, it will be better; once a week watering will be sufficient. The sign of fruit's maturity is the cracking near the foot stalk; and smelling fragrantly. The Cantaleupe never changes colour, until too ripe. Gather your fruit in a morning before the sun has warmed it, but if gathered after, put it into cold water or ice, and keep those got in the morning in the coolest place; a few hours' delay in gathering will spoil the fruit, wherefore they ought to be overlooked twice a day. Take your seeds from the richest flavoured] fruit, with the pulp, in which it must lie three days before washed out, and save only the heavy seed....that which will sink in water.
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